Immunization Questions and Answers for Exam
Immunization is very important topic for nursing students. Here are the some common, frequently asked questions and their answer which may ask during theory /Practical examination or at the time of Viva to Nursing Students.
It will also helpful when you are preparing for competitive examination. For your convenience question and answer are given in following part.
1. Part-I Immunization and Immunity
2. Part-II Universal immunization program (UIP) and National Immunization schedule (NIS)
3. Part-III Vaccination of pregnant women
4. Part-IV Newborn Vaccination
5. Part-V Sideeffects, adverse events and contraindications
6. Part-VI Vaccine handling, administration and injection safety
7. Part-VII Cold chainPart-I Immunization and Immunity
What is immunization?
Answer: Immunization is the process by which a person becomes immune or resistant to an infectious disease, usually by administering the vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body's immune system to protect a person from further infections or illnesses.
What is immunity?
Answer: Immunity means resistance to infections caused by microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) and their products (toxins).
Do children have natural immunity against disease?
Answer: Children are born with natural immunity against some diseases, which they get from their mothers (in the womb) and by breastfeeding in the first days of their life. But as they grow older, this immunity gradually wanes/decreases. Immunization further improves their immunity and protects against vaccine preventable diseases.
How do vaccines protect against organisms that cause disease?
Answer: Vaccines contain weakened or killed versions of viruses or bacteria, or an antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent, or a synthetic substitute. Once administered into the body by injection, mouth, or aerosol, it stimulates the immune response to produce "antibodies" directed at these infectious agents, thus producing protection against infection. Each vaccine provides immunity against a specific disease therefore; different vaccines are given to children and pregnant women to protect them from many preventable diseases.
How long immunity is provided by immunization?
Answer: Immunity duration is depending on different diseases and different vaccines. Lifelong immunity is not always provided by natural infection or vaccination. The protection provided by vaccines gradually diminishes over time. Therefore, booster doses are sometimes recommended for certain vaccines, in specific age groups.
When does the childhood immunization process begin?
Answer: The immunization process begins when the child is in the womb. The immunity developed from the TT vaccine given to pregnant women is passed on to their child and protects against neonatal tetanus. Immunity against some infections, such as measles, is transferred to the child as passive immunity and protects against infection for some time after birth. According to the National Immunization Program, the BCG, OPV, and Hep B vaccines are given to the child immediately after birth.
Why is timely vaccination important?
Answer: Medical and public health experts decide the age of vaccine administration after careful study of the epidemiology of the disease and the protective efficacy of different vaccines. Vaccines guarantee the best protection when given at the right time. India's National Immunization Program is designed to protect children from birth and at the ages when they are vulnerable to specific vaccine-preventable diseases. The recommended age for vaccination by various vaccines is to achieve the best immune protection to cover the period of life when the disease is most vulnerable. When children are not vaccinated at all or are vaccinated beyond the recommended age, they remain vulnerable and can become infected with the vaccine-preventable disease.
What are the different kind/types of vaccines?
Answer: Vaccines can be categorized based on their composition, which also determines its mechanism of action once it enters the body. Broadly speaking, there are four types of vaccines given in the table no 1
Why do private practitioners offer vaccines which are not available in the government program?
Answer: The government immunization program serves the wider community, while private providers only serve families who approach them for services. Universal Immunization program (UIP) implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India includes WHO recommended vaccines and the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI). Its goal is control the transmission of diseases of public health importance that can lead to high mortality and morbidity in the community. Private practitioners, on the other hand, follow the recommended vaccination schedule by the (IAP) Indian Academy of Pediatrics. It Includes some vaccines that are not importance to public health and pose no threat to a larger community. Thus, vaccines provided in the government program are less compared to those provided by private practitioners.
Is there a difference in the quality of the vaccine provided by private doctors and those provided by the government Health institutions?
Answer: Both the public and private sectors have the same regulatory mechanisms and all the vaccines are obtained from manufacturers approved by the government. All vaccines are approved by the Central Medicines and Standards Control Organization (CDSCO) that is the National Regulatory Authority (NRA). Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) directs the CDSCO and grants permission to conduct clinical trials; records and controls the quality of vaccines.
Which of the diseases have been successfully eliminated / eradicated by the use of vaccines in routine immunization?
Answer: Use of vaccines in India's Universal Immunization Program (UIP) has proven in the successful eradication / elimination of three diseases from the country. These are maternal and neonatal tetanus (2015), poliomyelitis (2014) and smallpox (1977).
Is it true that individual vaccination also ensures the protection of community in general? What is herd immunity?
Answer: Yes. It is true that individual vaccination against a disease-causing pathogen can protect even people from a community who have not been vaccinated against that disease or pathogen. A population with a high number of members with Immunity to a particular disease or pathogen protects its low number of immune members against that infection. This phenomenon is called "herd immunity" or "community immunity" or "population immunity". This is only achieved when a very high proportion of community members are vaccinated, thus It is difficult for the organism causing the disease to spread to unprotected people because few of those people are left. This is only true for diseases in which there is person-to-person transmission. Herd immunity hinders the spread of pathogenic organisms through the cycle of infection, multiplication and circulation among the vulnerable population.
What is the reason why some children have a vaccine-preventable disease despite having been vaccinated against that disease?
Answer: Vaccines have been used for decades and have proven effective. Like other medicine or drugs, the vaccine is also not 100% effective. The immunity produced by vaccines varies from one child to another. Children may not develop sufficient protective immunity against a disease-causing pathogen due to malnutrition, repeated episodes of diarrhea leading to lowered immunity or an individual specific immune response to a vaccine. For these reasons, some children have a vaccine-preventable disease despite being vaccinated against it. However, in such cases the disease is less severe than in children who have never been vaccinated
What are hesitancy and confidence in the vaccine?
Answer: Vaccination hesitancy is the behavior of parents, caregivers or the community, who are hesitant to vaccinate their children even though immunization services are available and accessible. Inadequate immunization services due to unavailability of vaccines, the absenteeism of vaccinators and long distances to vaccination centers contribute to this hesitation. Other reasons for doubts about the vaccine are the low perception of the benefits of vaccines, loss of wages, social beliefs, fear of AEFI, inadequate IPC skills of healthcare workers, geographic barriers. Trust in the vaccine is when parents, caregivers, or the community understand the value of vaccination and voluntarily demanding vaccination services as a right, whether these vaccines are part of the RI program for your children or part of adult vaccines such as TT for pregnant women. Confidence in the vaccine comes from adequate awareness of the benefits of vaccines, both for the individual and for community, and reliance on the immunization service delivery system to be able to provide quality vaccination.
Why are some vaccines only introduced in certain states?
Answer: Vaccines are introduced into the National Immunization Program for diseases that cause to high mortality and morbidity among children. Some vaccines are introduced in selected states due to the following reasons; Whenever new vaccines are introduced in UIP, initially, they are implemented in some states (phased introduction) and gradually expanded in all states and districts of the country. For example, the rotavirus and PCV vaccine. Second, diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis, are endemic in certain districts and states only (i.e. restricted to a certain place due to terms). For such diseases, vaccines are introduced only in those areas that are affected by them. There are state government initiatives to introduce additional vaccines on your routine immunization, which are not part of the National Immunization Program Calendar.
Part-II Universal immunization program (UIP) and National Immunization schedule (NIS)
What is the National Immunization Program under Universal Immunization schedule?
Answer: The National Immunization Program is a vaccination plan that all children and pregnant women should follow and complete to ensure protection against vaccines preventable diseases. This schedule includes: 1.Name of the vaccine 2.Recommended age/s of administration 3.Total doses needed 4.Route and site of administration 5.Dose volumes
Which vaccines are currently administered to a child at Universal Immunization program and against for which diseases vaccines prevent?
Answer: Under India's Universal Immunization Program, 12 different vaccines are provided to beneficiaries at no cost, through the government health system. These are: BCG, OPV, Pentavalent, Hepatitis B, PCV, IPV, Measles / MR, Rotavirus, JE, DPT and TT. Of these, the rotavirus vaccine, PCV, and MRI are being phased manner in different states. The JE vaccine is given only in districts where the Japanese Encephalitis is endemic. Vaccines administered in the UIP and diseases prevented by them are as following:
What do you mean by a fully immunized child?
Answer: A fully immunized child is one who has received all the vaccines recommended in the National immunization schedule in the required doses, before completing one year of age. In order to monitor and evaluate the program, a child under the age of 1 who has received a dose of BCG, Measles / MR along with 3 doses of OPV, pentavalent vaccine and two doses of IPV are said to be fully immunized. However, for the purpose of the program and to ensure that the child is fully protected, All other applicable immunizations must be provided to a child under one year of age. according to the immunization schedule, such as PCV (3 doses), RVV (3 doses), JE (1 dose), Applicable wherever.
What do you mean by a completely immunized child?
Answer: A child who has received all recommended immunizations during the first and second years in the National Immunization Schedule is said to be completely immunized child. First year: One dose of BCG, Measles/MR* and JE*, 3 doses of OPV, Pentavalent vaccine, rotavirus * and PCV * vaccine and 2 doses of IPV Second year: second dose of the measles/MR* and JE*, and a booster OPV and DPT dose
What is the left out and the drop out?
Answer: From a service delivery perspective: Left out: those children who have never been vaccinated or reached (therefore remain unvaccinated) Drop out: those children who started the vaccination but did not complete the schedule (thus being partially immunized).
What are the vaccines have been introduced in recent years?
Answer: The vaccines introduced in the Universal Immunization Program in recent years are JE (2006), Hepatitis B (2007), Pentavalent (2011), IPV (2015) and Rotavirus Vaccine (2016). The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) and measles-rubella (MR) are the latest in-corporations implemented under UIP (2017).
If a child is late for a subsequent multiple dose vaccinations (for example, after more than recommended month), should the health worker restarts the series from the first dose?
Answer: No. It is not necessary to restart the series or program again in case a child has received some doses of scheduled vaccines, but is delayed for subsequent doses. Yes the child is late, must administer the next dose of the vaccine and motivate parents should bring the child for the remaining doses in the recommended interval according to the Immunization schedule.
What are the maximum age limits for various vaccines?
Answer: According to the national immunization schedule, some vaccines have administration limit and these vaccines should not be administered once age limit is crossed. Vaccines must be administered until the following ages according to the guidelines of the IPU: 1. BCG: up to one year of age 2. OPV: up to five years (zero dose of OPV up to 15 days of birth) 3. Measles / MR: up to five years (in MR campaigns, the vaccine is administered at 9 months to 15-year-old age group) 4. DPT: up to 7 years 5. JE: up to 15 years Only the vaccines mentioned above have higher age limits. Efforts must be made to make sure all vaccinations are given at or closest to the recommended ages. For pentavalent, IPV, PCV, and rotavirus vaccines, if at least one dose is given before one year of age, then the remaining doses can be administered and the schedule should be completed regardless of the child's age. If the first dose is not given before one year of age, then these vaccines cannot be given to the child under UIP.
Why some vaccines are not given after reaching certain ages?
Answer: The age of administration is recommended for different vaccines in the National Immunization Schedule the most beneficial vaccine in case of Immunity generation, reduction in disease incidence and mortality (death) and morbidity (disease). The program is designed to ensure protection against vaccine preventable disease to children when they are most vulnerable. After reaching a certain age, children get natural immunity for certain infections (Such as childhood TB), or cross the vulnerable age when one is vaccinated the disease can be fatal.
Why a booster dose is needed after receiving the initial dose in some vaccines?
Answer: The immunity or protective effect created by some vaccine gradually decreases and increases the vulnerability to targeting the infection over time. For such vaccines, Booster doses are administered after receiving the initial doses as it enhances the immunity and increases the level of protection against the disease. For examples: DPT, OPV and PCV.
If a child suffers from a vaccine-preventable disease in past, will he/she still need to be vaccinated against the disease?
Answer: Yes. Most vaccine-preventable diseases (for example, diphtheria, tetanus, rotavirus Diarrhea, Hib pneumonia and JE) after a episode of a completely contagious infection and disease don't give long-term immunity. Therefore, the baby will still be needed all recommended doses of the vaccine according to the national immunization program.
Part-III Vaccination of pregnant women
What vaccines are recommended for pregnant women in National Immunization schedule?
Answer: In the National Immunization schedule, two doses of the Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine are recommended for all pregnant women. The first dose of TT is given as soon as the pregnancy confirmed and the second dose 4 weeks after the first dose. However, if any pregnant woman has not received the TT vaccine during her pregnancy, she should receive a dose of TT at the time of delivery.
Why do pregnant women require tetanus vaccination?
Answer: Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is a life-threatening disease that causes seizures and muscle spasms, which often lead to death from respiratory failure. In newborns, disease present as tightly closed mouth due to spasm of the jaw muscles. As a result, they cannot they take food and in most cases they die. The tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccine is given to all pregnant women to protect them and their newborn. Due to sustained efforts over the years, India has succeeded in the elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus, and to maintain this status it is necessary to ensured the administration of TT vaccine to all pregnant women.
Is it safe to administer TT doses in all pregnancies?
Answer: Yes. The recommended doses of TT vaccine should be given to a woman each time she receives pregnancy. Repeated doses improve immunity and do not cause any harm to the woman or her child.
Part-IV Newborn Vaccination
What are the vaccines should be given to a newborn?
Answer: According to the National Immunization schedule, one dose of each of the three vaccines, OPV, BCG and hepatitis B should be administered to newborns regardless of the place of delivery. it is recommended for all institutional and non-institutional deliveries, both in public and private sectors
Is there a time limit on these recommended newborn vaccines?
Answer: Yes. The recommended immunization time frame for newborns is as follows: Hepatitis B (known as the "birth dose"): must be given within 24 hours after birth to protect the newborn from a possible hepatitis B infection that is transferred mother during childbirth. If the birth dose of the hepatitis B vaccine is given after 24 hours, then it will not provide this protection. However, maximum protection against Transmission of hepatitis B is provided if the vaccine is administered within 12 hours of birth. OPV (known as "zero dose"): must be administered within 15 days of birth, the day of birth taken as day zero. BCG: should be administered as soon as possible after birth to provide maximum protection of childhood tuberculosis infection. The BCG vaccine should not be given to the child after one year of age.
Why is the dose of the polio vaccine given within 15 days of birth called the "zero dose"?
Answer: The dose of OPV given at birth is called "zero dose" because: It is an "extra" does that enhances the safety of individuals and communities. It is administered before the scheduled three primary doses
Part-V Side effects, adverse events and contraindications
Is there any side effects of vaccination?
Answer: All vaccines produce immunity due to the recipient's immune system responding to the vaccine. Therefore, local reactions, systemic symptoms and fever may occur as part of the immune response. In addition, some of the components of the vaccine (for example, aluminum adjuvants, stabilizers or preservatives) can also cause reactions.
If the fever does not appear after giving the injectable vaccine, does this mean that the vaccine has not been effective and must be given again? Is it necessary to have a fever after vaccination?
Answer: No. Although most children who receive injectable vaccines have a mild fever, there are few children in which the immune response elicited by the vaccine does not cause an increase in body temperature. This is normal in some children and no re-administration is necessary if fever does not come after vaccination.
Why there is pain and swelling at the injection site? How can it be managed?
Answer: In the case of injectable vaccines (such as hepatitis B, pentavalent, and IPV), babies may have redness, mild pain, and swelling at the injection site. This is mainly due to the breakage of some muscle fibers by injecting the needle into muscle tissue. Furthermore, some of Vaccine components (for example, aluminum adjuvant, stabilizers, or preservatives) can cause to local inflammatory reactions. These symptoms usually appear the day after the injection is given and lasts 1 to 3 days. Cold compresses can be used to control inflammation and redness. You should recommend Paracetamol (syrup or tablet, in divided doses) to provide symptomatic relief to the child.
Are coughs, cold and mild fever contraindications to vaccination or can a sick baby be vaccinated?
Answer: Yes. A sick child with a mild illness can be safely vaccinated. Symptoms of a mild illness (such as cough, cold, mild fever, or mild diarrhea) are not contraindications for vaccination. However, a child with a moderate to severe illness that requires hospitalization (high fever, severe diarrhea, etc.) should not be vaccinated during the acute phase.
Can vaccines, especially oral vaccines, be given to a child with diarrhea and vomiting?
Answer: Oral vaccines can be given to a child with mild diarrhea. However, if a child has severe diarrhea that requires hospitalization, oral vaccines should be given only after the diarrhea is controlled. Oral vaccines should not be given to a child who vomits on a recurring basis until vomiting is controlled.
What do you mean by Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI)?
Answer: Adverse events are any adverse medical event that follows immunization and does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the use of the vaccine. The events reported may be the result of a vaccine or immunization process, or they may be coincidental events that are not due to the vaccine or the immunization process, but simply something that occurred shortly after the immunization. However, the occurrence is not due to a particular vaccine, but unless there is a thorough investigation to determine the cause, such occurrences are assumed to be due to vaccinations and immunizations. All cases of severe / severe AEFI should be reported and investigated according to the guidelines.
Are there any medical conditions for which special vaccines should not be given?
1.There are some medical conditions for which the vaccine should be delayed or not given. These are as follows: 2. A child who has a severe (allergic) reaction to a previous dose of any vaccine should not be given another dose of the same vaccine. This is a perfect indication of exactly what the vaccine is for. 3. If a child is allergic to a conjugate vaccine (such as DPT), no other combination vaccine (such as PCV) should be given to the child (or may be given under medical supervision) 4. IPV should not be given to child who have allergy to streptomycin, neomycin or polymyxin B. 5. The vaccine should only be given after medical advice if a child is allergic to egg protein. 6. The rotavirus vaccine should not be given to children who have a history of abdominal surgery, or bowel disorders. 7. Immune-compromised children (such as HIV, leukemia) and those taking steroid therapy or immunosuppressive drugs should not be vaccinated. 8. Hospitalized or unconscious children, or they should not be vaccinated 9. Vaccination should also be discontinued during moderate to severe illness, as vaccines cannot elicit an immune response in such cases.
Can a baby delivered by surgery (cesarean section) or a baby delivered prematurely also gets vaccinated?
Answer: Yes. Each baby must be vaccinated. It doesn't matter if: Child is delivered by surgery or by normal delivery. They are provided at a private or government health facility or home. They are provided before the 9th month of pregnancy (premature baby). The mother suffers from any medical condition birth weight is low. The immunization schedule should begin at birth regardless of the age of gestation and weight of baby.
What safety measures should be taken after vaccination?
Answer: You should make sure that parents or caregiver wait for 30 minutes at the health facility or session site after the vaccination. It is important to make sure that immediate care can be sought if there is a side effect or adverse event. Breastfeeding can also be done after vaccination, even after oral vaccination. Breast milk has no effect on the effectiveness of injections. You should make sure that parents / caregiver do not use any medications or herbs at the injection site. In case of swelling or redness at the injection site, cold water compresses (i.e. a pad of clean cloth dipped in cold water) may be used. Please recommend paracetamol to relieve symptoms in children.
Why to ask parents to wait, while Vaccination?
Answer: In rare cases, vaccines can cause an allergic reaction or other type of reaction. These events require early diagnosis and management. So, this is it advise parents / caregiver to stay at the session site for at least 30 minutes after the injection.
Has the vaccination weakened the child's leg?
Answer: No, vaccination does not weaken a child's leg. However, in some Children can avoid moving their legs to avoid pain at the injection site. It could be the injection site is administered by cold compress, or by paracetamol tablet or syrup in the recommended dose.
Can a vaccine, like OPV, cause infertility or impotency?
Answer: No. All vaccines used in the Universal Immunization Program are pre-tested and recommended by WHO. All of these vaccines are extremely safe and effective and are being used in many other countries besides India. No vaccine can cause infertility or impotency and many other vaccine-related myths, is baseless and wrong.
Can the measles / MR vaccine lead to autism in children?
Answer: There is strong scientific evidence that measles / MR is not associated with autism or any other condition such as inflammation, stomach disease or permanent Neonatal sclerosis, which is incorrectly associated with this vaccine.
Can vaccines cause allergies?
Answer: Vaccines are usually safe. However, some children may be allergic to some Injections or part of a vaccine (such as antibiotics or preservatives) and the administration of the vaccine in such children may result in an allergic reaction, such as itching or the appearance of red spots on the body immediately after vaccination. These cases are needed Immediate management and in some cases referrals may be required. After an allergic reaction, do not repeat or subsequent doses without advice of a medical officer.
Part-VI Vaccine handling, administration and injection safety
Can more than one vaccine be given to a child in the same time?
Answer: Yes. More than one vaccine can be given to a child at the same time. Different Vaccines have a different mechanism for generating immune responses in the body. Inactivated vaccines do not interfere with the effectiveness of any other inactive, live or toxoid vaccines. Therefore, multiple injections are completely safe. to a child at the same time. Doing this has no effect on the effectiveness of individual vaccines. The following precautions should be taken when more than one vaccine must be administered. Two or more than two vaccines should not be mixed in the single syringe. If two injectable vaccines are administered at the same site, 2.5cm (1 inch) apart.
Is there a benefit to giving more than one vaccine in at the same time?
Answer: From a public health perspective, the administration of more than one vaccine according to the schedule at the same time reduces the number of visits to health facilities, thus reducing dropouts. Also, administer multiple vaccinations during the same visit it does not result in a higher incidence of adverse events.
What should be the interval between administrations of two doses of the same vaccine according to the national immunization schedule?
Answer: There should be a minimum interval of 4 weeks between the administration of two doses of the same multidose vaccine (such as pentavalent and rotavirus vaccines), except for PCV that is 2 months and the JE vaccine that is 3 months. The recommended interval for booster doses, can be 6 months to more than a year after the initial doses. Decreasing the interval between two doses of multidose vaccine may interfere with antibody response and protection. Longer than normal recommended intervals between two subsequent doses of multidose vaccines does not normally alter the immune response. Therefore, interrupting the recommended schedule does not require a restart from the beginning.
Why are vaccines in NIS administered only at specific sites?
Answer: Each vaccine is normally administered to the same specific site on the body to maintain consistency and help determine vaccination history by asking beneficiary or caregiver (in case the vaccination card is not available or is lost). Specific the administration sites also help parents and caregivers remember past immunizations. During follow-up visits and household surveys.
Why are some shots given to the thigh now instead of buttocks?
Answer: The mid-thigh is the correct site to administer injectable vaccines in young children, especially up to the age of five. This site is recommended by UIP and therefore it must be followed uniformly. There are three reasons for giving some injectable mid-thigh vaccines (anterolateral aspect). These are: 1. The sciatic nerve, an important nerve for the lower legs, passes through the buttocks (gluteal region). This nerve can be accidentally damaged by injection, resulting in a weakness or paralysis of the lower limbs. 2. There is a lot of fat in the buttocks. The vaccine is deposited in this fat and it does not elicit or elicit a partial or delayed immune respons. 3. The anterolateral aspect (front and outer part) of the mid-thigh is the preferred place for injection in children as it provides the greatest muscle mass, leading to rapid absorption of the vaccine into blood capillaries.
Sometimes the same vaccine are in a different color in different vials. Does this have any effect on its effectiveness?
Answer: No. All vaccines provided for the immunization program undergo strict quality controls. There may be cases where the color of the vaccine is slightly different in different vials, but this in no way affects the efficacy of the vaccine.
What should be done if the child spits up or vomits immediately after taking the vaccine by mouth?
Answer: If a child vomits immediately after receiving oral vaccines, such as OPV and rotavirus vaccines, then the vaccine dose must be given again. However, a repeated dose should be given after ensuring that the child does not vomit it again.
During 6, 10, 14 weeks and 9 months when more than a vaccine should be given the same day, is there any defined sequence in which vaccines should be administered?
What precautions should be taken when opening a vaccine vial?
Answer: Before opening the vaccine vial, check the following; Label for vaccine type, the label must be legible, Date of Expiry, VVM status, the cap or bottle is not cracked, the vaccine is not visibly frozen in case it is sensitive to freezing. Right after opening the vial (and reconstituting it, where appropriate), the healthcare worker should mention the date and time of opening on the vial.
What specific precautions should be taken during the administration of the vaccine?
Answer: There are some specific precautions you need to take. These are: 1. Check the label for the expiration date and the VVM label on the vaccine vials and diluents before use. 2. Always use a new AD syringe to administer the injectable vaccine. 3. Always use a new syringe to reconstitute the vaccine (BCG, Measles / MR and JE vaccines). 4. Make sure the vaccine and diluents are at the same temperature and supplied by the same manufacturer (included) before reconstituting. 5. Check the expiration date and the packaging of the AD syringe before opening it. 6. Never mix two or more injections into the same syringe. 7. Never use alcohol, soap, or liquid antibiotic to clean the injection site. The water swab is adequate. 8. Never rub or touch the injection site after the vaccine is given.
What is AD syringes?
Answer: AD or Auto Disabled syringes are specialized plastic syringes introduced into UIP to administer injectable vaccines. Once used, these syringes are blocked as the plunger cannot be removed to refill the syringe with the vaccine. This prevents the reuse or misuse of used syringes and prevents the transmission of infections from one child or pregnant woman to another. Care should be taken that under no conditions are different vaccines drawn or mixed in the same syringe. You must use a new AD syringe for each vaccine given to a child. The syringe should be opened from the end of the plunger and only when the vaccine is to be administered.
Part-VII Cold chain
What is a "cold chain" for vaccines?
Answer: Cold chain is a system for storing and distributing vaccines from the construction site (to the administrative beneficiary) at the recommended temperature. The system includes walk-in freezers, walk-in coolers, deep freezers, ice-lined refrigerators set up at various levels for vaccine storage and refrigerated vaccine vans / insulated vaccine vans, vaccinated carriers and insulated cold boxes for transport. The entire system will be closely monitored to ensure the delivery of potent and effective vaccines to the beneficiary.
What is the recommended temperature for storage of vaccines at health facilities and immunization session sites?
Answer: At health facilities and immunization session sites, all vaccinations should always be available stored at the recommended temperature between + 2OC to + 8OC. Care should be taken not to vaccinate under vaccinating conditions very low (for example, freezers used for making ice), or where the temperature is higher (for example, in direct sunlight). if a vaccine is not stored or transported at the recommended temperature.
What should be the order from bottom to top for store vaccines inside an ice-covered refrigerator?
Answer: The sequence of different vaccinations should be from bottom to top inside the ice-covered refrigerator; OPV (bottom), measles / MR, BCG, JE, rotavirus, TT, DPT, IPV, pentavalent, PCV, hepatitis B, then diluents (top).
What is a vaccine carrier?
Answer: The vaccine carrier is an insulated box used on the same day to transport a limited number of vaccine vials and diluents from the cold chain point to session sites, to store the vials at the session site and to bring back the unused, partially used and fully used vials back to the cold chain point. It is packed with four conditioned ice packs and can maintain a storage temperature of +2OC to +8OC.for 12 hours if not frequently opened. Vaccine carriers are used to transport vaccines worldwide.
How is VVM described?
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