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Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue syndrome

Views Nursing Toady June 03, 2020
Nursing Toady

Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue syndrome

Dengue Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue syndrome is briefly discussed here   

Dengue Fever

Dengue fever is a serious disease caused by flavivirus (a species of the genus flavivirus dengue virus), which is transmitted by the Aedes mosquito and is characterized by headaches, severe joint pain and a rash, also known as fever bone, dengue. an acute communicable disease characterized by headache, severe joint pain and rashes, which is caused by a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus (dengue virus of the species) transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes, also known as bone fever, dandy fever, dengue fever.


Dengue Fever/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue syndrome

Signs and symptoms

Mosquitoes transmit dengue fever. Symptoms may vary depends on the severity of the disease condition. Symptoms can appear up to 7 days after being bitten by the mosquito carrying the virus. Symptoms usually go away after a week, and mild dengue rarely causes serious or life-threatening complications.
  1. Muscle and joint pain
  2. Rash that may go away and come back
  3. High fever
  4. Headache
  5. Abrupt onset of high fever
  6. Severe frontal headache
  7. Pain behind the eyes that is impaired by eye movement
  8. Muscle and joint pains
  9. Loss of sense of taste and appetite
  10. Measles-like rash over chest and upper limbs
  11. Nausea and vomiting

Dengue hemorrhagic Fever

At first, the symptoms of DHF may be mild, but gradually worsen over a few days. In addition to the mild symptoms of dengue fever, there may be signs of internal bleeding.

Signs and symptoms

1. Symptoms similar to dengue.
2. Continuous and severe gastric pain
3. Skin becomes pale, cold or moist,weak pulse
4. Drowsiness and restlessness, difficulty breathing
5. Patient is thirsty and mouth is dry.
6. Bleeding mouth, gums or nose
7. Cold, clammy skin
8. Internal bleeding, which can cause vomiting and black stools or feces
9. Less platelets in the blood
10. Sensitive stomach
11. Small patches of blood under the skin

Dengue syndrome

DSS is a severe form of dengue fever. It can be fatal. In addition to the symptoms of mild dengue.

Signs and symptoms

1. Severe stomach pain
2. Disorientation
3. Sudden hypo-tension or rapid drop in blood pressure
4. Heavy bleeding
5. Regular vomiting
6. Leakage of blood vessels
7. Without treatment, this can lead to death.

Reproduction Location

Desert coolers, drums, jugs, pots, buckets, vases, plant saucers, tanks, cisterns, bottles, cans, tires, gutters, drip trays for coolers, concrete blocks, cemetery urns, bamboo stumps, nutshells coconuts, tree holes and many more more places where rainwater collects or is stored.

Diagnosis

  1. The signs and symptoms are similar to typhoid fever and malaria which can delay in correct diagnosis.
  2. Record the temperature
  3. Perform a tourniquet test 
  4. Investigate for low platelet count
  5. Tests to detect small fluids in the abdomen or chest in case of shock

Treatment

  1. Prevention is better than cure. For Dengue virus, there is no specific treatment or cure. However, the intervention may help, depending on the severity of the illness. For milder forms, treatment includes:
  2. Preventing dehydration: high fever and vomiting can dehydrate the body. The person should drink clean water, ideally bottled, instead of tap water. 
  3. Pain relievers, such as Tylenol or paracetamol: can help reduce fever and relieve pain.
  4. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, are not recommended because they can increase the risk of internal bleeding.
Severe forms of dengue fever may require:
  1. Intravenous (IV) fluid supplements, or drip, if the person cannot drink fluids by mouth
  2. Blood transfusion, for patients with severe dehydration
  3. Hospitalization will allow the person to be properly monitored in case the symptoms worse

Prevention

  1. No vaccine can protect against dengue. Only avoiding mosquito bites can prevent it.
  2. Anyone living or traveling to a risk area can use various means to avoid being bitten.
  3. If you spend time in a tropical area, use insecticide-treated nets.
  4. Clothing: Reduce the amount of exposed skin by wearing long pants, long-sleeved shirts, and stockings, folding the legs of the pants into shoes or socks, and wearing a hat.
  5. Mosquito repellents: Use a repellent with a concentration of at least 10 percent diethyltoluamide (DEET) or a higher concentration for longer periods of exposure. Avoid using DEET on young children.
  6. Mosquito Traps and Mosquito Nets: Insecticide-treated mosquito nets are more effective, otherwise the mosquito can bite through the net if the person stands next to it. The insecticide will kill mosquitoes and other insects, and prevent insects from entering the room.
  7. Door and window screens: Structural barriers, such as screens or nets, can prevent mosquitoes from entering.
  8. Avoid perfumes: Highly scented soaps and perfumes can attract mosquitoes.
  9. Camping Equipment: Treat camping clothing, shoes, and equipment with permethrin, or purchase clothing that has been retreated.
  10. When: Try to avoid being outside at dawn, dusk, and dusk.
  11. Mosquito breeds in clean, stagnant water. Finding and removing standing water can help reduce risk.

To reduce the risk of mosquito breeding in standing water:

  1. Turn the buckets and showers upside down and store them indoors so water doesn't collect
  2. Remove excess water from pots
  3. Rub containers to remove mosquito eggs
  4. Loosen the soil in potted plants to prevent puddles from forming on the surface
  5. Make sure the scupper drains are not blocked and do not put potted plants and other objects on it
  6. Do not put containers under an air conditioning unit
  7. Change the water in the vases every other day and rub and rinse the inside of the vase

Vector Control Measures

Personal Prophalatic Measures
1. Use of creams, liquids, coils, mats, etc. mosquito repellent
2. Wear long-sleeved shirts and full pants with socks
3. Use mosquito nets for babies and toddlers who sleep during the day to prevent mosquito bites
Biological Control
1. Larvivorous fish  can be kept in ponds, fountains, etc.
2. Biocides can also be used
Chemical Control
1. Use of chemical larvicides as disposal in large culture vessels
2. Space spray in day spray
Environmental Management Methods And Source Reduction
1. Detection and elimination of mosquito breeding sources.
2. Management of roofs, porches and parasols.
3. Adequate coverage of stored water.
4. Reliable water supply
5. Observation of the weekly dry day.
Health Education
Communicate knowledge about the disease and the vector to ordinary people through various media sources such as television, radio, film slides, etc.
Community Participation
Disinfect the community and involve the community to identify and eliminate the breeding sites 
Dengue Case Management
  1. Early report of suspected dengue fever
  2. The management of dengue fever is symptomatic and favorable.
  3. Plasma replacement is recommended if dengue shock syndrome 
  4. Electrolytic can be given 
  5. Blood transfusion

References 

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